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A Review of Semi-supervised Learning Methods Research LI Yongguo XU Caiyin TANG Xuan LI Xiangyan WORLD SCI-TECH R&D    2023, 45 (1): 26-40.   DOI: 10.16507/j.issn.1006-6055.2022.07.001 Abstract （963）      PDF（pc） （1972KB）（3405）       Knowledge map    Save Semi-supervised learning exists in various real-world scenarios and can signifucantly impact scientific research in the field of biochemistry. There are also relevant specific applications in various fields, such as virus toxicity prediction, network security detection, application of soft sensors, etc. With the continuous breakthroughs in machine learning, there currently needs to be a complete review of research on semi-supervised learning methods and analyzes the challenges existing in the application process in this field; then, it sorts out and analyzes four methods of semi-supervised learning, including semi-supervised clustering, dimensionality reduction, regression, classification, and more advanced algorithms in these four different ways are written side by side. Then, the typical evaluation indicators of each algorithm (such as precision rate, recall rate, ROC curve, etc.) were introduced, and the effects of various semi-supervised learning algorithms were compared. The study found that semi-supervised learning methods are more accurate than fully supervised learning support vector machines rate, in which the SSC-EKE algorithm leads the traditional support vector machine classic supervised learning algorithm by absolute advantage. Finally, the practical application scenarios of semi-supervised learning are introduced, the future research directions of semi-supervised learning have prospected, and the full text is summarized. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Development and Application of Ultrafast Transmission Electron Microscope HUANG Siyuan TIAN Huanfang ZHENG Dingguo LI Zhongwen ZHU Chunhui YANG Huaixin LI Jianqi WORLD SCI-TECH R&D    2022, 44 (3): 392-411.   DOI: 10.16507/j.issn.1006-6055.2021.05.006 Abstract （940）      PDF（pc） （3113KB）（1643）       Knowledge map    Save Ultrafast Transmission Electron Microscopy (UTEM) integrates high spatial and temporal resolution, making it possible to directly visualize the dynamic processes of materials. This paper mainly introduces the development and application of UTEM system, including: the basic principle of UTEM system based on pump-probe technology; the current UTEM systems in several major institutions around the world; the first generation UTEM system based on thermal emission electron gun and the second generation UTEM system based on field emission electron gun (FEG) independently developed by Li Jianqi's team from Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences; the latest research achievements in UTEM system combined with ultrafast real space imaging, ultrafast electron diffraction (UED) and time-resolved electron energy loss spectrum (TREELS), such as lattice and electron dynamics, phase transition dynamics, photon-induced near-field electron microscopy (PINEM), etc. At present, UTEM has become a powerful tool for the study of non-equilibrium dynamics at micro-nano scale. In the future, as electron pulse quality and spatial resolution of TEM continue to improve, UTEM is expected to achieve higher spatial and temporal resolution. China has invested relatively less in the research of UTEM. At present, it is necessary to seize the development opportunity of UTEM, effectively promote the innovation and industrial development of key technologies, core components and major products in the field of UTEM, and closely link scientific and technological innovation with industrial development. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Research on Classification of Scientific Instruments and Technologies in The Commerce Control List of US Export Control CHEN Fang WANG Xuezhao LIU Xiwen WANG Yanpeng WUMing WORLD SCI-TECH R&D    2022, 44 (3): 287-298.   DOI: 10.16507/j.issn.1006-6055.2021.07.002 Abstract （929）      PDF（pc） （1530KB）（1735）       Knowledge map    Save Under the background of China-US trade embargo, a series of external technical threats are increasingly prominent in China, which affects a variety of fields such as economics, military, politics etc. Developed countries, led by the United States, restrict the export of key core technologies to China through Export Control. The commerce control list (CCL) issued by the United States contains export restrictions on a large number of technologies, equipment and products, including important scientific instruments and their related parts. This paper compares the contents of the CCL with the classification of domestic scientific instruments, taking the commercial control list as object text, and taking the classification of scientific instruments in China as standards. Through text mining and clustering, the analysis of the technology of export control list is carried out. Then, the distribution of the control situation of the United States in each type of scientific instrument and technology is analyzed. It is found that 42.08% of the list items are related to the control of scientific instruments, suggesting serious situation for the field of scientific instruments in China. Among the 12 categories of scientific instruments, Analytical Instruments, Process Experimental Equipments, Electronic Measuring Instruments, etc. are subject to a wide range of control. Medical Diagnostic Instruments, Atmospheric Detection Instruments are controlled slightly. On the basis of the analysis, this paper puts forward some suggestions for the development of scientific instruments in China. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Comparative Analysis of the Current State of Competition of Artificial Intelligence in China and the United States and Inspiration JIA Xiali LIU Xiaoping WORLD SCI-TECH R&D    2022, 44 (4): 531-542.   DOI: 10.16507/j.issn.1006-6055.2021.12.003 Abstract （728）      PDF（pc） （1831KB）（1934）       Knowledge map    Save Artificial intelligence is an important force driving economic and social development, with great application value, and is a strategic area in which countries are competing for layout. The purpose of this paper is to make a detailed comparison between the current development status of AI in China and the United States from both macro and micro perspectives, to analyze the advantages and shortcomings of each, and to make effective suggestions for the development of AI in China. From the macro perspective, the policy strategies of AI in China and the U S are sorted out and analyzed, and the development plans at the national level in both countries are compared. From the microperspective, we compare the specific development status of AI in China and the United States from six dimensions: research situation, industrial development, talent, hardware foundation, market application, datascale, as well as the competitive advantages of each. The study found that the U.S. currently still maintains the overall leading position in the development of AI in the world, especially in terms of high-quality R&D, high-quality talents, AI chips, and financing environment with considerable advantages. China far exceeds the U. S. intotal R&D, and performs much better in the number of supercomputers, AI applications, data, etc. In the future, China should continue to attract high-caliber talent from around the world and develop incentive initiatives to encourage researchers to conduct high-quality research. In addition, it should build bridges between universities, research institutions and enterprises to strengthen in-depth communication and cooperation among the three and accelerate breakthroughs in keyareas. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Human-Robot Collaborative Assembly Technology：Review of Research Status and Technology Development ZHANG Shuzhong ZHU Qi ZHANG Gong WU Yueyu CHEN Xufei LIU Mengdi LIN Zijian YANG Gen WORLD SCI-TECH R&D    2022, 44 (4): 455-465.   DOI: 10.16507/j.issn.1006-6055.2021.12.006 Abstract （705）      PDF（pc） （2055KB）（412）       Knowledge map    Save Human-Robot collaboration is an innovative technology of human and robot working together in an interactive way, which is provided with the dexterity of human and the precision of robot. Human-Robot collaboration is widely used in industrial field, and is also apopularitem inrobotics. This paper reviews the research of Human-Robot collaborative assembly. Firstly, several closely related 6D pose recognition methods are introduced, their relative merits and application statusin Human-Robot collaborative assembly are discussed comprehensively. Secondly, the research progress of human intention recognition applied in the field of Human-Robot collaborative assembly is reviewed from two aspects of visual recognition and forcere cognition. Then, the present situation of collaborative controlt echnology applied in Human-Robot collaborative assemblyis analyzed, the basic principles and key technologies of several main control methods are briefly introduced, which provided research reference for rational application of Human-Robot collaborative assembly in various fields. Finally, the future development trend of Human-Robot collaborative assembly is discussed. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Analysis on the World’s Typical “Civil-military Integration” Development Model and Its Inspirations for Promoting the Indepth Development of Civil-military Integration in China LIU Guangxu WORLD SCI-TECH R&D    2022, 44 (4): 482-491.   DOI: 10.16507/j.issn.1006-6055.2021.10.003 Abstract （576）      PDF（pc） （1078KB）（2263）       Knowledge map    Save Since the new century, the developed countries in the West have promoted the in-depth development of civil-military integration, which has greatly guaranteed and promoted the construction and development of their own national defense and military forces, and successfully realized the development of coordination between national defense construction and economic development, and the unification of a rich country and a strong army. This paper draws on the experience of the Chinese civil-military fusion development model. In this regard, through literature research, this article explores the typical military integration development models of the United States, Japan, Israel and Russia in terms of policy support, civil-military interaction, institutional regulation and model changes, andi ntroduces the advanced experiences of each of these countries in promoting the in-depth development of civil-military integration. On the basis of these experiences, he proposes suggestions for promoting the in-depth development of civil-military integration in China in the new era, including strengthening top-level design and planning, improving laws and regulations, unifyingdual use technology standards, focusing on key areas of integration and basing on the realities of China's development. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Operation Mode of UKRI and Its Implications SHI DONGMEI WANG Jing WORLD SCI-TECH R&D    2023, 45 (5): 606-620.   DOI: 10.16507/j.issn.1006-6055.2022.11.006 Abstract （535）      PDF（pc） （960KB）（417）       Knowledge map    Save After Brexit, to solve the problems and risks faced by technological innovation, the British government put forward the strategic goal of “becoming a global science superpower” and “a global leader in innovation”. As the most significant public funding institution for scientifresearch in the UK after Brexit, UKRI has played an important role in constructing and developing the UK research and innovation system and promoted the implementation of the UK research and innovation strategic objectives by formulating development strategies, coordinating nine subordinate research councils, and increasing investment in science and innovation. UKRI’s mechanisms inspire China to promote scientific and technological innovation under global scientific and technical competition. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Review on Research Status and Development of Carbon Dioxide Capture Technology TANG Qiang LI Jinhui ZOU Jianwei HU Yuanyuan HUANG He WORLD SCI-TECH R&D    2023, 45 (5): 567-580.   DOI: 10.16507/j.issn.1006-6055.2023.07.003 Abstract （459）      PDF（pc） （1441KB）（5831）       Knowledge map    Save In order to cope with global warming and reduce CO2 emissions to the atmosphere, CO2 capture has become a key technology for global research. Based on the research status of CO2 capture technology at home and abroad, this paper divides CO2 capture technology into four technical routes: pre-combustion capture, post-combustion capture, oxyfuel combustion and chemical looping combustion. Pre-combustion capture and post-combustion capture technology mainly include absorption method, adsorption method, membrane separation method, low temperature fractionation method and other methods. Firstly, the research status and application progress of different methods of these four technical routes are summarized, and the future development trend of each technical method is proposed. Subsequently, the advantages and disadvantages of different CO2 capture technologies are compared. It is found that each technical method has its own advantages and disadvantages, and no technology can independently meet the requirements of high efficiency, low cost, low energy consumption and large scale. Finally, it is proposed that in the future, we should focus on the problems and challenges of CO2 capture technology, focus on research and development, break through the bottleneck at this stage, and promote the economy, efficiency and scale of CO2 capture. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Analysis and Countermeasures of Import Dependence of Scientific Instruments of China HAN Fengqin CHEN Yaping WORLD SCI-TECH R&D    2022, 44 (3): 314-321.   DOI: 10.16507/j.issn.1006-6055.2022.04.002 Abstract （434）      PDF（pc） （1042KB）（778）       Knowledge map    Save Scientific research instruments are the material resources necessary for scientific research, and the primary basis and necessary prerequisite for the realization of scientific and technological self-reliance and self-improvement. China has been pouring heavy investment annually to purchase foreign scientific instruments and equipment, and almost all advanced precision instruments are imported. This paper discusses the influence of the import dependence of scientific research instruments on scientific research undertakings, analyzes the main reasons for the import dependence of scientific research instruments in China from the perspective of environment, and puts forward corresponding countermeasures and suggestions. It is found that there is a certain degree of import dependence of scientific research instruments in China, and the main reason is the lack of localization environment, including four aspects: talent environment, policy environment, market environment and cultural environment. In this regard, it is recommended that China should speed up the deployment of the talent strategy for scientific research instrument development, build a basic institutional system that encourages independent research and development of scientific research instruments, build a national supply and demand docking platform for scientific research instruments, and strive to create a cultural environment for the localization of scientific research instruments for R&D. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Analysis of Domestic and International Development Trend of Quantum Computing Industrialization WANG Jingjing YANG Hong LEI Gen ZHANG Chi WORLD SCI-TECH R&D    2022, 44 (5): 631-642.   DOI: 10.16507/j.issn.1006-6055.2022.03.005 Abstract （394）      PDF（pc） （1351KB）（1231）       Knowledge map    Save With the breakthrough and development of quantum computing technology theory, quantum computing is moving from laboratory to industrialization. How to seize the opportunity of quantum computing industrialization and actively respond to the challenges in the process of quantum computing industrialization has become a major scientific and technological problem urgently to be solved in China. This paper first summarized the state-of-the-art quantum industry home and abroad, and introduced the prototype of the industrial chain which consists of quantum chip, basic software and application service. Secondly, the development trend and challenges of quantum computing industrialization were analyzed. The industry has a good momentum of development and is of great potential, but there are still problems such as unclear business pattern and industry irregularity. Finally, in view of the shortcomings of the development of China's quantum computing industry, relevant suggestions and countermeasures are put forward: 1) strengthen national overall planning to provide institutional guarantees for industrial development; 2) learn from advanced foreign experience and improve relevant cooperation mechanism; 3) fully focus on the industry economy and create a complete ecosystem; 4) strengthen research on core devices and key technologies; 5) correct publicity and education, and be vigilant the emergence of industrial bubbles. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Research and Enlightenment of Risk Management of Major Scientific & Technological Infrastructure in Department of Energy of the United States CHEN Juan LI Zexia FAN Xiaoxiao YANG Chunxia LI Yue YANG Guangpu WORLD SCI-TECH R&D    2022, 44 (3): 322-331.   DOI: 10.16507/j.issn.1006-6055.2021.08.009 Abstract （393）      PDF（pc） （1220KB）（437）       Knowledge map    Save The “new infrastructure” has brought new opportunities for the development of major scientific & technological infrastructure. However, many unexpected situations will emerge amid rapid development. Therefore, systematic management and mechanism guarantees are urgent and necessary. As a key point of management of major scientific & technological infrastructure, risk management should be further strengthened and valued. This paper first lists some major scientific and technological risk events of research infrastructure, and analyzes the scientific, technical, economic and environmental impacts of these risk events. Then, this paper studies the risk management procedures and key processes of major scientific and technological infrastructure in the Department of Energy of the United States, including specific methods and measures adopted in risk planning, risk identification, risk analysis, and risk treatment. Based on current status of risk management of major scientific and technological infrastructure in China, several proposals are made, including establishing a risk management system that meets the characteristics of major scientific and technological infrastructure, comprehensively researching and identifying different types of risks and deploying in advance, strengthening process management, real time monitoring and adjusting risks and its dealing method, and carrying out facility construction management assessment, and regarding risk management as an important consideration. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Analysis of Low-carbon Agriculture Action in Major Developed Economies under the Background of Carbon Peaking and Carbon Neutrality Strategies XIE Hualing CHI Peijuan YANG Yanping WORLD SCI-TECH R&D    2022, 44 (5): 605-617.   DOI: 10.16507/j.issn.1006-6055.2022.01.003 Abstract （384）      PDF（pc） （1120KB）（542）       Knowledge map    Save Agriculture is not only an important sector of the national economy, but also an important carbon-source and carbon-sink. As a carbon-sink, agriculture has the ability to compensate for the inevitable carbon emissions of itself and other sectors. The core of low-carbon agriculture is to promote the overall green transformation of agricultural development. Promoting and expanding the practices of low-carbon agriculture is the best ways to achieve the reduction goal of carbon-emission, and deal with the climate crisis. This paper focuses on the analysis of low-carbon agriculture related actions of the EU, the United States and Japan from the dimensions of action background, development objectives and technology paths, as well as relevant support systems and expected effects. It is found that the low-carbon agriculture related actions have strong inheritance in these developed countries: 1)the EU mainly advocates nature based solutions to promote the realization of various green goals in Europe by decoupling economic growth from resource consumption; 2)the United States focuses on building climate-smart agroforestry, while meeting there quirements of improving productivity, enhancing the ability of agriculture to cope with climate change and reducin genvironmental load; 3)Japan emphasizes the decarbonization of agricultural through digital, smart, biological and other technological innovation, while at the same time improve and ensure Japan's food self-sufficiency ratio and domestic production rates. Among them, the EU mainly through restricting the use of certain agricultural inputs, expanding the area of organic farming and other measures to achieve development goals; the United States achieves the development goals mainly by technological innovation; and Japan combines the technical characteristics of the EU and the United States. The core of low-carbon agriculture in the above three economies is to strengthen the management of agricultural green house gas emission and storage through perfect policy support system, appropriate operation and management mode and advanced emission reduction and carbon fixation technology. There is still a big gap between China and countries with high level of low-carbon agriculture, including slow progress in the development of new plants and animals varieties for adaptation and mitigation of climate change, insufficient substitution of clean energy for agricultural production, and continued high greenhouse gas emissions caused by food loss and waste. China should strengthen its planning and layout in such areas as policy planning, scientific and technological support and international cooperation, so as to build China's low-carbon agricultural industry as early as possible and help China achieve its goal of carbon peak and carbon neutrality. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Key Technology Development and Application of Pseudolite System TANG Wenjie CHEN Junping WORLD SCI-TECH R&D    2023, 45 (3): 276-284.   DOI: 10.16507/j.issn.1006-6055.2023.03.002 Abstract （367）      PDF（pc） （1230KB）（623）       Knowledge map    Save The service performance of the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) has significantly decreased in complex environments such as tunnels, indoor and urban canyons. In this challenging environment, pseudolites can be used to generate and transmit signals similar to GNSS systems, providing users with uninterrupted navigation information such as location and speed in GNSS rejection environments. In addition, the pseudolite system can be modulated to be consistent with GNSS, and the user receiver can achieve synchronous reception of pseudolites/GNSS. Through integrated navigation with GNSS and inertial navigation systems, GNSS navigation and positioning enhancement in complex environments can be achieved, which is expected to play an important role in fields such as autonomous driving, indoor navigation, and automatic robots. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Analysis and Enlightenment of Hydrogen Development Strategy of World's Major Economies WANG Chao SUN Fuquan XU Ye DING Minglei HUANG Ning WORLD SCI-TECH R&D    2022, 44 (5): 596-604.   DOI: 10.16507/j.issn.1006-6055.2022.04.005 Abstract （360）      PDF（pc） （1312KB）（542）       Knowledge map    Save The hydrogen industry has unique industry coupling attributes, making it an important cornerstone of energy transformation in the process of global carbon neutrality, and an important technical path for reducing emissions in industries with high carbon emissions and difficult to decarbonize such as industry and transportation. In the context of addressing global climate change, the world's major economies have released mid- and long-term development strategies for the hydrogen industry. This paper focuses on the comparative analysis of the mid- and long-term development strategies of the hydrogen industry recently released by the United States, the European Union, Germany, Japan and South Korea. The relevant conclusions include: improving hydrogen production capacity has become the main line of hydrogen development in various countries, but there are differences in hydrogen production paths; the development path of hydrogen industry in various countries has clear stage characteristics, and each country has its own development direction; technological innovation covers the entire hydrogen industry chain; cross-field cooperation promotes the implementation of hydrogen strategy; hydrogen international trade cooperation accelerates development. On this basis, combined with the development status of China's hydrogen industry, five suggestions are put forward for the development of China's hydrogen industry: deepening the implementation of China's hydrogen technology strategy; systematically deploying technology research and promotion and application in the entire hydrogen industry chain; continuing to expand hydrogen industry development vision; systematically promoting the hydrogen system integration strategy; paying close attention to the progress of hydrogen international financial trade. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Analysis of the Development Status of Semiconductor Photoresist Based on Patents CAO Yan LI Linshan MAO Yilei ZHANG Rui WORLD SCI-TECH R&D    2022, 44 (3): 428-441.   DOI: 10.16507/j.issn.1006-6055.2021.12.004 Abstract （358）      PDF（pc） （1937KB）（818）       Knowledge map    Save Based on semiconductor photoresist patents in 126 countries collected by Patsnap database, the global patent application quantity, application trend, legal status, area distribution, main patent applicants and technique distribution are analyzed, and patents related to the semiconductor photoresist in the past 50 years are analyzed. Moreover, this paper recognizes the key technique of this area by analyzing the patents of TOP 10 foreign patent applicants. It is concluded that the global patent activity of semiconductor photoresist could be divided into four stages, and the changing trend of Chinese patent applications is basically the same as that of the whole world. However, the development of China in this field started relatively late and the total number of patent applications is lower than that of developed countries such as the United States, Japan and South Korea. The United States, Japan and South Korea occupy leading positions in the field of semiconductor photoresist, and Japan has mastered the technique in this field and has been in a monopoly position for a long time. China, comparatively, is still in the development stage. The key technique of representative foreign companies in semiconductor photoresist field is mainly focused on the design of photoresist composition and the design and optimization of synthesis process. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Disruptive Technology in Medicine: Current Situation, Problems Analysis and Prospect HUANG Xin ZHU Jiankang YIN Junxiang GUO Wei SANG Xiaodong ZHAO Tianyu LU Shan YUAN Tianwei LI Suning WORLD SCI-TECH R&D    2023, 45 (5): 581-595.   DOI: 10.16507/j.issn.1006-6055.2022.12.002 Abstract （355）      PDF（pc） （1829KB）（846）       Knowledge map    Save In recent years, many emerging technologies, such as artificial intelligence, genome edition, 3D bioprinting, induced pluripotent stem cells, and synthetic biology, have been applied in clinical medicine gradually and brought new methods for diagnosis and treatment. These technologies are replacing or have replaced existing technologies because of their unique advantages. Those disruptive technologies have changed not only the current situation in diagnosis and treatment but also the thinking pattern of modern medicine. Modern medicine is gradually developing in the direction of multi-technology and multi-discipline integration and constantly breeds new disruptive medical technologies. However, these emerging technological advances have also created many problems. This paper reviews the development status of several representative disruptive technologies in modern medicine and analyzes the associated issues. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Trends and Characteristics of DARPA’s Defense Research Budget Activities over the Last 5 Years LI Linli LI Jiaoyang TANG Juan YIN Xiangfan ZHANG Jian WORLD SCI-TECH R&D    2023, 45 (1): 77-86.   DOI: 10.16507/j.issn.1006-6055.2022.11.009 Abstract （345）      PDF（pc） （1596KB）（1721）       Knowledge map    Save Based on the FY 2019-2023 Research, Development, Test, and Evaluation (RDT&E) budget request documents issued by DARPA, this paper provides a statistical and visual presentation of the agency’s overall budget and trends in investment by phase of research activities over the last 5 years. Further, it explores the changes in programs and the characteristics of these defense research activities. It concludes that DARPA’s budget funding over the past 5 years has focused on emerging areas such as microelectronics, hypersonic, and artificial intelligence, with the hope that technological breakthroughs in these areas will modernize and build high-end military capabilities for the U.S. military. In addition to the disruptive technology research and development, DARPA also focuses on the seamless integration of the knowledge chain, innovation chain, and industry chain in emerging technology fields, strengthening the integration with industry and the Services and realizing the rapid transition of research results to the Services to enhance significantly the future combat capabilities of the U.S. military. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Study on Frontier Development Trendsin Neuroscience: An Analysis Based on Deep Mining of ESI Research Fronts XIE Xiufang WANG Qian CHEN Ting HUANG Fang WORLD SCI-TECH R&D    2023, 45 (1): 63-76.   DOI: 10.16507/j.issn.1006-6055.2022.05.006 Abstract （318）      PDF（pc） （8253KB）（375）       Knowledge map    Save A deep mining schema of ESI research fronts was constructed to reveal development trends of frontiers in neuroscience. The research hotspots were identified based on the co-cited network of research fronts, and the key topics were identified through the co-occurrence of subject words among the research fronts. Based on the KeyBERT model, the keywords of titles and abstracts of top papers and citing papers involved in the research fronts were extracted and analyzed the inter-year changes of keyword hotspots to reveal the development trends of research hotspots in this field. The countries of top papers, citing papers and references involved in the research fronts were analyzed to reflect the discipline influence of different countries around the world in the field development. The results showed that neurological diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson’s disease, and multiple sclerosis were the most widely and deeply researched vital topics in the global neuroscience field, brain-computer interfaces, serum neurofilament light chain protein, and non-invasive brain stimulation tools were emerging research hotspots in recent years, and epidemic-related topics such as the effects of Covid-19 infection on the nervous system, the neurological manifestations of Covid-19 patients and the mental health of frontline medical staff had also become hot topics in the field of neuroscience in the past two years. The coverage and activity of China in the research fronts of neuroscience have increased, and the leadership, contribution, and participation in the research fronts of this field have also increased significantly in recent years. We have certain development advantages in the directions of Covid-19 epidemic-related topics, gut microbiota, targeted therapy, artificial sensory nerves, and have certain development potentials in the directions of Alzheimer’s disease, brain function network, stroke, neuropathic pain, glioma, etc. The results can provide disciplinary intelligence services for developing the neuroscience field in China. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Analysis of U.S. Government’s Science and Technology Layout Based on Federal Funds for Research and Development CHENG Ruyan WORLD SCI-TECH R&D    2022, 44 (6): 846-856.   DOI: 10.16507/j.issn.1006-6055.2022.04.003 Abstract （317）      PDF（pc） （1290KB）（716）       Knowledge map    Save As one crucial science and technology investment resource, the distribution of Government R&D funds can reflect the government's science and technology layout. Based on the data of U.S. Federal R&D funds, this paper analyzes several essential aspects of the U.S. government's science and technology layout - critical areas, R&D types, and implementers (including foreignimplementers). The research shows that: 1) the critical areas of the U.S. federal government include national defense, health, energy, aerospace, etc. However, the share of national defense in the government's R&D budget has decreased compared with 10 years ago, while the share of health and energy has increased; 2) The type of R&D activities is mainly research (basic research + Applied Research) at present, while decades ago it was mainly experimental development; 3) The main implementers include enterprises, government research institutions, universities, federally funded R&D centers and non-profit organizations. However, the share of federal R&D funds spent by enterprises is decreasing, while the share of funds spent by universities is increasing; 4) The foreign layout is dominated by ally countries whose R&D areas include national defense, aerospace, hygiene and health, basic research, agriculture, etc. A small part of the funds is given to developing countries whose R&D area focus on health. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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The Development Trend and Suggestions of Clinical Mass Spectrometry SHI Huilin XU Li XU Ping WANG Yue WORLD SCI-TECH R&D    2022, 44 (5): 668-677.   DOI: 10.16507/j.issn.1006-6055.2022.03.004 Abstract （314）      PDF（pc） （1061KB）（609）       Knowledge map    Save Through measuring ion mass-to-charge ratio, mass spectrometry technology accurately identifies unknown analytes, quantifies known compounds, and determines the structure and chemical properties of molecules. In recent years, its application in life science basic research and clinical detection analysis has become more and more extensive, providing important support for understanding the composition of life and the essence of life phenomena, and realizing rapid and accurate diagnosis of diseases. This article analyzes the development status and problems of international and Chinese clinical mass spectrometry technology, and puts forward relevant policy recommendations. It shows that technological advances in ion sources and mass analyzers, as well as the introduction of innovative ion mobility spectroscopy technology, have improved the sensitivity and resolution of mass spectrometry, broadened the range of detectable molecules, and significantly improved the qualitative and quantitative capabilities of mass spectrometry, which make the clinical application of mass spectrometry technology enter a stage of rapid development. Chinese clinical mass spectrometry technology research and application started relatively late, and it is necessary to further strengthen the independent innovation of source technology, promote the sinking of clinical applications, and gradually improve related regulatory standards in the future. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Strategic Layout and Future Prospects of Artificial Intelligence in Global Perspective QI Shuo LI Shixin YANG Yimeng WORLD SCI-TECH R&D    2024, 46 (4): 442-455.   DOI: 10.16507/j.issn.1006-6055.2024.07.010 Abstract （310）      PDF（pc） （1015KB）（309）       Knowledge map    Save With the rapid development of information technology, Artificial Intelligence (AI) has emerged as a crucial force driving a new wave of technological revolution and industrial transformation. Major countries and regions worldwide have begun making and implementing AI strategies to take the lead in this burgeoning field. The United States government is comprehensively deploying to promote the development of AI to maintain its global leadership; the European Union emphasizes ethical standards, data privacy protection, and AI regulation; the government leads China’s AI strategy, and it is rapidly advancing the technology application and industrial integration, and the rest of the world has also introduced a series of development plans to support AI based on their own national conditions. This paper aims to analyze the characteristics of AI strategic layouts of the world’s major economies from a global perspective and to forecast future strategic deployments of AI. By examining the AI strategies of these leading economies and integrating the latest AI advancements, this paper seeks to provide valuable reference and inspiration for policymakers in the AI field. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Development and Top-level Thinking of Hypersonic Weapon Defense Equipment System LIU Sitong ZHANG Zhanyue LIU Da YANG Shuai WORLD SCI-TECH R&D    2022, 44 (5): 618-630.   DOI: 10.16507/j.issn.1006-6055.2022.02.002 Abstract （300）      PDF（pc） （1202KB）（1922）       Knowledge map    Save Hypersonic weapon has the unique advantages of strong mobility, fast response speed, wide coverage and strong penetration ability. Its amazing combat effectiveness in the field of military application makes it gradually become a new strategic commanding point for the air and space competition of powerful countries and the focus of the strategic game of powerful countries. In order to pursue space safety and maintain strategic balance, countries are competing to carry out research on the construction of superb defense system, especially the construction of equipment system. Through extensive data collection, the situation and development trend of hypersonic weapon defense equipment system construction in the United States, Russia and other military powers are summarized. The hypersonic defense equipment system structure of the US is gradually clear, and it is accelerating the development of hypersonic defense technologies that support equipment capabilities. Russia is promoting the test and deployment of a new generation of aerospace defense systems, and has made significant progress in anti-hypersonic weapon systems. On this basis, through the analysis of the current situation and threats, suggestions and top-level thoughts on the construction of hypersonic weapon defense equipment system are putting forward from three aspects: building an early warning and detection network with three-dimensional coverage in the whole-area, avarious interception and strike network in the whole process, and a all-factor interconnection and efficient command and communication network. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Development and Application of Neutron Chopperat CSNS WANG Ping CAI Weiliang ZHANG Qing GENG Yansheng ZHANG Wenxiang WANG Fangwei GUO Juan WANG Shanshan ZHANG Hong YANG Bo ZHOU Liang CAI Zeyin WORLD SCI-TECH R&D    2022, 44 (3): 412-420.   DOI: 10.16507/j.issn.1006-6055.2022.06.001 Abstract （298）      PDF（pc） （4190KB）（303）       Knowledge map    Save The China Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS), including 20 distinctive time-of-flight neutron scattering spectrometers, is a major scientific platform for China’s neutron scattering research and a national scientific device constructed during the 12th Five-Year Plan of China. The neutron chopper is a neutron optical component that regulates the beam current on the scale of time, thereby being an indispensable part in a neutron scattering spectrometer. Its main functions are selecting the desired neutron band range and improving the signal-to-noise ratio. The CSNS needs approximately 73 sets of neutron choppers, which would require regular operation and maintenance. In order to avoid the import restriction of such critical instrument and ensure the success of the Big Scientific Engineering Construction, the CSNS formed a team for neutron chopper development in 2007, which overcame various key technological difficulties, successfully developed bandwidth limited chopper, T0 chopper and Fermi chopper in time, and realized the domestic production of neutron choppers with independent intellectual property rights. 9 sets, 27 sets and 37 sets of these neutron choppers have been or will be applied in the CSNS’s Phase I Project, Cooperative Spectrometer Project, and the future Phase II Project, respectively. The independently developed neutron choppers provided an important guarantee for the smooth construction of the CSNS. Their use is not restricted to China spallation neutron source projects, but can be extended to synchrotron radiation light source (X-ray chopper) projects, high-speed rotation mechanical equipments and other fields. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Research on Development Trend of Scientific Research Cooperation between China and Central and Eastern European Countries GAO Yang SONG Zhengxi TIAN Wei LI Yun WORLD SCI-TECH R&D    2022, 44 (3): 442-453.   DOI: 10.16507/j.issn.1006-6055.2022.03.003 Abstract （294）      PDF（pc） （1113KB）（584）       Knowledge map    Save Central and Eastern European Countries (CEEC) is a major gateway in the implementation of the Belt and Road Initiative in Europe. Scientific research cooperation has become an important part of China-CEEC cooperation. In order to provide referential basis for improving the level of China-CEEC scientific research cooperation, based on the data of China-CEEC co-authorship papers in InCites database from 2011 to 2020, using the methods of bibliometrics and data statistics, this paper analyzes the number, cooperative countries, cooperative disciplines and cooperative institutions of China-CEEC co-authorship papers. The development trend of China-CEEC scientific research cooperation from 2011 to 2020 is revealed, and suggestions for further deepening cooperation are provided. The results show that China-CEEC scientific research cooperation presents the following characteristics. 1) The scale has grown steadily, but the cooperative degree among CEEC countries has significant differences, presenting an echelon distribution with Poland ranks first. 2) The cooperative disciplines are mainly science disciplines. Among the seven main cooperative disciplines, there are four science disciplines, two medical disciplines and one engineering discipline. There is a high degree of similarity in cooperative disciplines among CEEC countries. Physics and Astronomy are the main cooperative disciplines. Five disciplines, including Clinical Medicine, Chemistry, Materials Science and Engineering, Biology and Basic Medicine, are hot cooperative disciplines. 3) The main cooperative institutions are concentrated in universities and institutes with strong scientific research strength in China and CEEC, mainly in universities. The cooperation among Chinese institutions is not balanced. The top five cooperative institutions in China are Tsinghua University, Peking University, Institute of High Energy Physics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences and University of Science and Technology of China. It is suggested to strengthen and expand the scale of China-CEEC scientific research cooperation, pay attention to complementary advantages and expand the cooperative disciplines of China-CEEC scientific research cooperation, and strengthen coordinated development and improve the participation of various Chinese institutions in China-CEEC scientific research cooperation.  Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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WORLD SCI-TECH R&D    2022, 44 (4): 567-577.   DOI: 10.16507/j.issn.1006-6055.2021.08.004 Abstract （286）      PDF（pc） （1225KB）（281）       Knowledge map    Save Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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WORLD SCI-TECH R&D    2022, 44 (4): 578-586.   DOI: 10.16507/j.issn.1006-6055.2021.10.002 Abstract （283）      PDF（pc） （1050KB）（555）       Knowledge map    Save Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Current Development of Domestic Proton Transfer Reaction Mass Spectrometry ZOU Xue ZHANG Qiangling LIANG Qu LU Yan XIA Lei LIU Yawei HUANG Chaoqun SHEN Chengyin CHU Yannan WORLD SCI-TECH R&D    2022, 44 (3): 354-370.   DOI: 10.16507/j.issn.1006-6055.2022.05.007 Abstract （283）      PDF（pc） （1500KB）（484）       Knowledge map    Save Proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry (PTR-MS) is a rapid and sensitive technique for the detection of volatile organic compounds. Since its completion in 2008, domestic PTR-MS has reached the international advanced level in some technology and application fields. In this paper, we firstly introduced the principle of the instrument, and expounded the main influencing factors in the process of ionization, transmission and detection of the object to be measured. Then we showed the main products of domestic PTR-MS, including proton extraction reaction mass spectrometer (PER-MS), dipolar proton transfer reaction mass spectrometer (DP-PTR-MS), breath tester, spray inlet mass spectrometer (SI-PTR-MS), mobile proton transfer reaction mass spectrometer (M-PTR-MS), fast gas chromatography proton transfer reaction mass spectrometer (FGC-PTR-MS). Some products have been mass produced and sold. In terms of technological development, important progress has been made in the improvement of sensitivity and the preparation of multi reactive ions. Finally, we introduced the application of domestic PTR-MS in the fields of environment, medicine and safety, such as tracing the source of air pollution, excavating disease markers in human exhalation, rapid detection of explosives and soon. At the same time, the future development direction and application prospect of domestic PTR-MS were prospected. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Development and Prospect of Small Angle Neutron Scattering Instrument HAN Zehua ZUO Taisen MA Changli LI Yuqing CHENG He WORLD SCI-TECH R&D    2022, 44 (3): 371-391.   DOI: 10.16507/j.issn.1006-6055.2022.06.002 Abstract （282）      PDF（pc） （1769KB）（2368）       Knowledge map    Save Small angle neutron scattering (SANS) is a coherent elastic scattering technique. It uses neutron as the probe to characterize the microscopic and mesoscopic structures of materials. SANS has been widely used in the fields of physics, chemistry, material science, biology and so on. At the early stage, SANS used pinhole geometry to collimate the neutron beam, and measured the length scales from 1 nm to 100 nm. With the increase in the neutron flux and the development of the neutron optics and detection technologies, SANS gradually develops into two directions, i.e., larger length scale, and smaller length scale, respectively. To detect larger length scale, Very Small Angle Neutron Scattering (VSANS), Ultra Small Angle Neutron Scattering (USANS) and Spin Echo Small Angle Neutron Scattering (SESANS) are developed; to detect smaller length scale, Neutron Total Scattering instrument for Disordered Macromolecules is developed. Nowadays, SANS is aiming at full-scale coverage and intelligent data analysis, hoping to measure the multi-scale structures of complex systems at one time. This article follows the development history of SANS technologies, explores its development direction and intersperses its role in the field of basic and applied scientific research. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Macro S&T Coordination Mechanism of the Us and Japan and Its Enlightenment SUN Jie SHEN Hengchao WORLD SCI-TECH R&D    2022, 44 (4): 504-517.   DOI: 10.16507/j.issn.1006-6055.2021.11.004 Abstract （278）      PDF（pc） （1634KB）（499）       Knowledge map    Save Macro-level scientific and technological coordination is essential to improve the efficiency of the S&T resources and to make breakthroughs in strategic S&T fields as soon as possible. Both the United States and Japan have strengthened the top-level design of strategic S&T fields at the central policy-making layer, which have played a role in condensing strategic goals, coordinating the implementation of tasks, and allocating S&T resources. Through the official documents of the U. S. and Japan, the paper first introduces the agencies involved in macro S&T coordination mechanism, and studies in detail the personnel composition and responsibilities of the core institutions. Then case study is conducted on the decision-making and implementation process of the latest national strategic plan, aiming to have an insight into the operation of the inter- departmental mechanism. Finally, the common characteristics of the mechanism of the U. S. and Japan are summarized: in strategic S&T fields which reflect the state will, institutions higher than administrative department coordinate administrative, technical and budgetary affairs; The allocation of funds reflects the unity of administrative power and financial power; The high level S&T consulting organization supports making the top-level S&T decisions; Each procedure strives to integrate the consensus and strength of the administrative departments, various industries, and academia. Their experiences provide useful enlightenment for Chinese practice. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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The Implementation Path of New Nationwide System in Scientific and Technological Innovations ZHANG Yu ZHENG Chonghui JIANG Yanbin WORLD SCI-TECH R&D    2023, 45 (1): 7-13.   DOI: 10.16507/j.issn.1006-6055.2022.10.002 Abstract （275）      PDF（pc） （897KB）（859）       Knowledge map    Save There has been an increased recognition that more attention needs to be paid to the new nationwide system in scientific and technological innovations. While the nationwide system can be adopted optimally in the past decades, pathways about how to be implemented in the new era still need further exploration. In order to analyze this issue, we compared the methods and cases of how to mobilize innovative resources and breakthrough major national scientific and technological problems at home and abroad. We compared the scientific and technological innovation situation in different historical periods in China from the view of history, theory, and practices. On this basis, we put forward the “bow and arrow mode” for implementing the new nationwide system. This pattern has shown that the new nationwide system in scientific and technological innovations relies on the combinations of the top-down approach to determine larger goals and the bottom-up approach to maintaining the adaptability and the flexibility of each task. On the one hand, by modeling the interlinkages in the overall solution, the top-down approach is designed to focus on the strategic priorities of holistic thinking and planning. On the other hand, the bottom-up approach is applied to distribute the local tasks based on the innovation capabilities of each team to fulfill the larger goals. Therefore, implementing a new nationwide system in scientific and technological innovations can spawn many positive impacts through synthesizing coordination strategies for team tasks. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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The Construction of Megascience Facilities in Russia: Progress, Characteristics and Inspiration HUA Dun FAN Weiwei JIA Xiaoqi QI Zilong WORLD SCI-TECH R&D    2022, 44 (5): 726-737.   DOI: 10.16507/j.issn.1006-6055.2022.07.002 Abstract （274）      PDF（pc） （1983KB）（932）       Knowledge map    Save Abstract: Large scale scientific facilities are an important symbol of the country's scientific and technological innovation capability and comprehensive strength, economic strength and even soft power. As the largest target country of technological and economic sanctions by Western countries, its experience in the construction of large-scale scientific facilities have practical significance. This paper clarifies the concept of the Russian Megascience facilities, sorting out its policy evolution, examines its construction process and latest progress, and summarizes the characteristics of Russian Megascience facilities in terms of projects, goals, management and factors. There are only 7 Megascience facilities defined in Russia in a narrow sense. They are projects with international comparative advantages selected under the scientific management system of Russia's mandatory plan. The situation at home and abroad is highly sensitive. China should build a benign international cooperation mechanism with independent research and development as the main line, build a sustainable large-scale scientific development ecology, and strike a balance between accumulating resources to build large scale scientific facilities and expanding scientific and technological undertakings. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Experience and Enlightenment R&D Project Management for Advanced Scientific Instrumentin Japan XU Yuxia LI Tao HUANG Yichun WEN Xiaoyun QIU Gang LIU Yi WANG Chunming HUANG Dan ZHU Lin WORLD SCI-TECH R&D    2022, 44 (3): 299-313.   DOI: 10.16507/j.issn.1006-6055.2022.05.008 Abstract （273）      PDF（pc） （1971KB）（403）       Knowledge map    Save Taking “science and technology to create a country” as the starting point, and to get rid of its dependence on foreign advanced scientific instruments, the Japanese government has formulated the Development of Advanced Measurement and Analysis Systems, laying a solid research and development foundation for Japanese science and technology. Taking the plan as the research object, this paper makes an in-depth analysis on its introduction background, management structure, field distribution, fund investment and implementation effect using case analysis method, bibliometric method and social network analysis method. By comparing the management process of the natural science foundation of China, it is found that China's national-level scientific research project planning and inter-departmental scientific research projects are far behind those of Japan., as well as the efforts in the combination of production, education and research and the commercialization of scientific research results. Combined with the national conditions in China, suggestions are put forward, including to strengthen the top-level design of scientific instruments, increase funding, promote the research and development of key core technologies, optimize the project evaluation system, promote industry-university-research cooperation, and the transformation of scientific and technological achievements to promote the high-quality development of advanced scientific instruments in China. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Theory and Applications of Transient Processes in Ecology: Progress and Prospects WANG Yanfeng HUANG Yuanyang WU Shengjun LIU Ying MA Maohua ZHAO Gang WORLD SCI-TECH R&D    2022, 44 (5): 691-704.   DOI: 10.16507/j.issn.1006-6055.2021.09.008 Abstract （270）      PDF（pc） （1208KB）（419）       Knowledge map    Save Ecosystem process has always been one of the core issues of ecology and evolutionary ecology, and the theoretical basis of ecological restoration. Much of the understanding of ecological systems has been based on the idea that the observed states and dynamics of ecological systems can be represented by stable asymptotic behavior. The dynamic processes including tipping points and a seemingly stable period of temporary changes before reaching a tipping point, which are called transient dynamics. As a self-organized process, transient dynamics is often extended by random events, external or internal disturbances. In this review, the characteristics of transient dynamic, measurement indicators, models and ecological significance were summarized. The results showed that the current transient phenomenon focused on the population scale based on the matrix model between the regime shifts. Taking riparian zone as an example, this review provides valuable information on using the transient theory to explain complex ecosystem affected by multiple factors and put forward a new perspective to reveal the transient dynamic and its ecological significance. The transient dynamic model can be used to predict the tipping points of system self-organization and the process before it comes. The research based on transient dynamic can provide new insights of the ecosystem process management and take measures to intervene the imbalance of the ecosystem. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Research on the Quantification of Science and Technology Financial Policy Text and the Effect of Policy Instrument Combination WEN Quan JIA Jingdun QIAO Han LI Xiaoqi WANG Heran WANG Can WORLD SCI-TECH R&D    2023, 45 (3): 383-397.   DOI: 10.16507/j.issn.1006-6055.2022.11.001 Abstract （268）      PDF（pc） （2458KB）（1010）       Knowledge map    Save Taking the data of China’s science and technology financial Policy at the national level from 1985 to 2019 as an example, based on the review and sorting out the evolution process of science and technology financial policies based on reviewing and combing the evolution process of science and technology financial policy, Nvivo qualitative analysis software is used according to the rooted theory to explore the types of scientific and technological financial policies, the subject of the publication, the types of policy tools and their specific tool content, and refine the scientific and technological financial policy tools into supply type, demand type, and environmental type. In order to deeply analyze the selection and combination effects of various policy tools, the Fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis method was used to explore the different combinations in the development process of science, technology, and finance in China. The research found that our country's combination of science and technology finance policy tools can be summarized into three types: market-driven, government-market linkage, and policy-led. It also discusses the relationship between the establishment, economic development, and innovation level of the technology and finance policy with the combination of policy instruments. Further, it clarifies the configuration effect of policy instruments for the development strategy of Chinese science and technology finance, which has some reference value in the choice and combination of policy instruments.  Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Reflections on the Regulation of Cross-border Data Flow in the Era of Digital Economy GUO Tengda WORLD SCI-TECH R&D    2022, 44 (6): 837-845.   DOI: 10.16507/j.issn.1006-6055.2022.04.004 Abstract （266）      PDF（pc） （1055KB）（493）       Knowledge map    Save Policies vary widely among the major players in the digital economy, and the global regulation of cross-border data flow faces a dilemma. National security, industry development, and personal privacy protection are the main concerns of regulatory measures for cross-border data flows. From the perspective of international competition and cooperation, the United States has been advocating conditional cross-border data flow, relying on its advantages in technology and discourse power to continuously expand the scope of data jurisdiction, relevant practices deserve high attention. In comparison, China still faces some problems in the regulation of cross-border data flow, mainly in the aspects of insufficient technology supply capacities and imperfect governance systems. This paper claims that, we should improve the technical level of data flow measurements and accurately study and judge the impact of cross-border data flow on China's economy and security based on the development stage and characteristics of China; encourage the R&D and applicate of the enhanced privacy technologies, and risk prevention of personal control over data; amplify the system of ruling by cross-border data flow,, start from pilot projects to explore regulatory innovation; narrow the digital divide, strengthen the influence of data governance in Asia-Pacific and other regions. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Application Status and Development Trend of Cloud Computing Technology in BDS ZHAO Daiyan LIU Lei WORLD SCI-TECH R&D    2023, 45 (3): 285-293.   DOI: 10.16507/j.issn.1006-6055.2023.04.001 Abstract （265）      PDF（pc） （1298KB）（213）       Knowledge map    Save Beidou No.3 System is a global navigation satellite system built by China independently. The cloud platform，realizing the unified management, on-demand sharing, and real-time dynamic allocation of software and hardware resources，is essential  to the BDS-3’s ground system. This paper introduces the architecture and process of BDS-3’s cloud platform based on engineering practice and summarizes the representative technical breakthroughs in the cloud platform construction and improvement. The trend of the next generation satellite navigation system is diverse in service types, customized on service information, safe and reliable on capability. The integration between cloud-native technology and the business of navigation ground systems is put forward to improve the efficiency of development and operation; from the perspective of infrastructure structure, it is suggested that the navigation ground cloud be fully autonomous and controllable in stages. Finally, we look forward to the cloud platform architecture of the next-generation navigation ground system. The system architecture, composed of a cloud center, network and terminal, transforms from the construction of independent nodes to the unified construction of all distributed nodes. The navigation ground system will further improve operation and management efficiency and the disaster tolerance and survivability. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Prediction and Enlightenment of Technology Trends in Major Developed Countries and Regions SHI Dongmei CHU Xulong WANG Jing WORLD SCI-TECH R&D    2023, 45 (2): 169-180.   DOI: 10.16507/j.issn.1006-6055.2022.09.002 Abstract （261）      PDF（pc） （1083KB）（588）       Knowledge map    Save As an essential method for formulating national science and technology policies, technology prediction refers to the prediction or determination of future goals, possible ways, and resource conditions of scientific and technological development, which major developed countries have highly valued. In recent years, the National Intelligence Council of the United States, NATO, Future Science and Technology Committee of the European Parliament, and other organizations and institutions, aiming at 2040, have carried out prediction research on the future development trend of science and technology and its significant impact on the economic, social and military fields, and issued relevant reports. Aiming at the key points of relevant reports, this paper focuses on combing the future development trends of eight cutting-edge scientific and technological fields, such as artificial intelligence, new materials and manufacturing, biotechnology, space technology, independent technology, big data technology, advanced weapon technology, and quantum technology,  analyzes the technological development trend and its impact on the economy, society, and economy in 2040, and puts forward enlightenment for the future development of China's scientific and technological field. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Research Process of Steel-based Electrocatalysts for Water Splitting to Produce Hydrogen WU Mingzhu YANG Yibin LU Lijuan CHANG Yu CHEN Ruixue ZHAO Yangyang SONG Yang DONG Lijuan LI Ying WORLD SCI-TECH R&D    2022, 44 (4): 466-481.   DOI: 10.16507/j.issn.1006-6055.2021.11.001 Abstract （260）      PDF（pc） （3074KB）（462）       Knowledge map    Save Inexpensive electrocatalysts are one of the research hotspots in the production of hydrogen from water electrolysis. There are few systematic summaries the steel-based electrocatalyst for water splitting. This review summarized the research status of steel-based electrocatalysts (stainless steel, low-carbon steel and other steels) in the past 40 years, and introduced them as oxygen evolution electrocatalysts, hydrogen evolution electrocatalysts, dual-function electrocatalysts. In this paper, the different preparation methods, fabrication processes and electrocatalytic reaction conditions were analysized. Meanwhile, the influencing factors of the activity, stability and tolerance of oxygen evolution at anode and hydrogen evolution at cathode were summarized. It was found that the oxygen evolution electrocatalyst and the hydrogen-oxygen evolution bifunctional electrocatalyst were mainly prepared with stainless steel as the matrix, while the hydrogen evolution electrocatalyst was prepared with the low carbon steelas the matrix. Furthermore, advantages and disadvantages of fabrication methods and further research focus were discussed. The in-depth understanding provides the guidance for the design of the high-performance water splitting electrocatalysts for industrial applications. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Characteristics and Enlightenment of DARPA's Deployment of Disruptive Technologies in Major Infectious Diseases ZHU Shu YIN Zhixin WORLD SCI-TECH R&D    2022, 44 (5): 705-715.   DOI: 10.16507/j.issn.1006-6055.2022.06.003 Abstract （253）      PDF（pc） （1152KB）（599）       Knowledge map    Save Preventing pandemic and defending against biological threats is one of the priorities of U.S. defense security. The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) continues to deploy disruptive technology research and development to deal with major infectious diseases in the future. This paper takes the relevant projects deployed by DARPA in the field of major infectious diseases from 2011 to 2020 as the research object, combs the project objectives, project investment and the main disruptive technologies involved, and then analyzes the characteristics of DARPA’s deployment of disruptive technologies in this field. The study found that DARPA deployed a variety of disruptive technologies in the field of infectious diseases, such as gene editing, RNA vaccine, neutralizing antibody, detection of trace pathogens in the environment and so on. Since 2016, DARPA has significantly increased the number of projects deployed in this field and paid more attention to the early prevention and control of major infectious diseases; focuses on prevention, and a total of 9 projects have been set up in diagnosis and prevention; It is committed to investing in the early stage of basic research and technology development in the field of infectious diseases, and accelerating and expanding the application of engineering and Information Science in the biological field. In this regard, some suggestions are put forward, including: increasing the deployment and investment of key technologies in the field of major infectious diseases; Strengthen the identification, prediction and collaborative deployment of disruptive technologies; Strengthen the monitoring and defense against the threat of large-scale bioterrorism; Promote the transfer of dual-use technologies and strengthen the management and monitoring of dual-use technologies. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Bioammonia Drives Green Transformation in Agriculture and Energy LI Shizhong WORLD SCI-TECH R&D    2022, 44 (6): 768-777.   DOI: 10.16507/j.issn.1006-6055.2022.12.005 Abstract （253）      PDF（pc） （1368KB）（738）       Knowledge map    Save Ammonia is involved in agriculture and energy two core areas of bioeconomy. Clean ammonia, which does not depend on fossil resources and has no carbon dioxide emissions, can be used as a green fertilizer and provide a clean fuel with no carbon emissions, which can help promote the green transformation of agriculture and energy. This paper reviews the current status of bioammonia development in terms of technical advantages, major production technologies, applications, and commercialization challenges, and analyzes the feasibility of developing bioammonia as an important tool for the green transformation of agriculture and energy in the context of China's actual situation. Biorefining agricultural and forestry wastes to obtain high-value products such as biochar and pulp, bio-polyester, bio-fuel, etc. The production of clean ammonia from biochar to hydrogen using existing ammonia synthesis plants can compete economically with traditional fossil ammonia. China has 1 billion tons of usable agricultural and forestry waste as raw material security every year, and the production of 60 million tons of bio-ammonia can increase farmers’ income by 120 billion yuan, create 10000 billion yuan of output value, and reduce 200 million tons of carbon dioxide, which plays an important role in promoting the high-quality development of bio-economy. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）