High-end scientific instruments serve as the foundational infrastructure for exploring the unknown, fostering interdisciplinary integration, and supporting high-quality scientific and technological innovation. They provide scientists with the “vision” and “capability” to investigate scientific frontiers and achieve major breakthroughs. The deep integration of artificial intelligence with high-end scientific instruments will expand and even reshape the application paradigms of these instruments, inevitably driving the leapfrog transition of Artificial Intelligence for Science (AI4S).

At the convergence of a new wave of technological and industrial transformation with unprecedented global changes, technology security has emerged as a central concern for major economies in global technology competition. This study examines global technology development and competitive dynamics through three dimensions: global technology development trends, global technology security landscape, and technology strategies of major powers. The global technology architecture is transitioning from a unipolar-multipolar structure to a “2+N” configuration, characterized by active interdisciplinary innovation and large-scale centralized innovation, alongside a restructuring of the global technology division of labor. Leading nations have positioned technology security as a core national interest, marking a new era in geopolitical contests among major economies over technology security. China should adopt a strategic framework emphasizing global landscape changing, internal capacity building, and measured countermeasures, developing high-quality policy systems across institutional design, management frameworks, and international cooperation to stimulate technological vitality and address technological challenges.

Tracking and monitoring the latest trends in the science and technology strategic planning layout and funding policies of major countries and regions, and analyzing advanced experiences and practices abroad can provide reference for the reform of science and technology management in our country. This paper conducts a horizon scan of the science and technology intelligence information from government departments and research management institutions of major countries and regions such as the United States and Europe from 2022 to 2024, and analyzes the key points of international science and technology strategic planning and funding policies. Research has found that major countries and regions such as the United States and Europe have introduced comprehensive science and technology strategic plans in recent years, laid out the key areas of science and technology development, and put forward the goal of building and solidifying their status as leading global technology powers. By issuing specialized strategic plans, these countries are intensifying their efforts in critical and emerging technological fields such as artificial intelligence, quantum technology, biotechnology, clean energy, semiconductors, and microelectronics, in order to gain competitive advantages for the future, ensure technological leadership, and safeguard national security and economic interests. Specific measures have been taken in areas such as reforming science and technology management institutions, cultivating key technological talents, reforming research project funding, optimizing the research and innovation environment, and deepening international cooperation to achieve the goals of technological innovation and development. Based on study, this paper proposes policy recommendations for promoting the reform of China’s science and technology management system from three aspects: deploying science and technology strategic planning, exploring new channels for international cooperation, and providing warning and prevention of technology security.

Biomanufacturing is an innovative paradigm of the deep integration of biotechnology and advanced manufacturing. It is not only a key engine for the new round of technological revolution and industrial transformation, but also a core driving force for cultivating new quality productivity and reshaping the global industrial competition pattern. It has become a strategic core track for countries around the world to layout future industries. This article systematically reviews the key points of the biomanufacturing strategies formulated by countries/regions such as the United States, the European Union, and the United Kingdom in recent years. In light of the current development status of China’s biomanufacturing industry, it deeply analyzes the challenges currently faced. It is proposed to strengthen the toplevel strategic design and overall coordination mechanism of biomanufacturing, enhance the independent innovation capacity of key core technologies in biomanufacturing, promote the formation of an integrated layout of “basic research-technological breakthroughs-industrial applications”, and accelerate the construction of datadriven biomanufacturing innovation platforms and infrastructure.

This paper presents a systematic analysis of the U.S. military’s next-generation aviation equipment architecture and associated propulsion technologies, examining both current developments and future trajectories. It investigates the technical profiles and mission requirements of key programs including hypersonic strike systems, Next Generation Air Dominance, Collaborative Combat Aircraft, the B-21 Raider stealth bomber, and Future Vertical Lift platforms. The study further conducts a detailed examination of breakthrough propulsion technologies enabling these capabilities. Findings indicate that the U.S. military is employing new strategic concepts to guide the development of integrated, intelligent, high-speed, and low-observable aviation systems, while concurrently advancing propulsion technologies toward multimodality, intelligent operation, and enhanced energy efficiency. Building on these observations and considering China’s national context, this paper recommends adhering to integrated top-level design, reinforcing the strategy of propulsion technology leadership, deepening civil-military integration and digital transformation, and establishing autonomous and secure industrial supply chains. These insights aim to support China’s aviation industry in achieving high-level self-reliance and technological advancement.

Three-dimensional braided fabrics, as important advanced composites, are of significant application value to the aerospace industry due to their excellent anti-delamination and high damage tolerance. This paper takes the 3D woven technology for aero-engine blade preforms as the research object. An analysis is conducted from the perspective of patents to identify technology development trends and major competitive entities. The Safran Group, an applicant with overwhelming technological advantage, is further investigated to deeply study the main technical development routes and the construction of technical barriers in the hotspot technology of 3D woven, to analyze the international competitive landscape of this technology development. The research indicates that the technology development landscape is characterized by an innovation pattern dominated by core enterprises and first-mover countries. France and the United States, represented by the industry giant Safran, started early and have occupied the technological high ground through systematic patent layouts. Although China, as an important target market, has shown increasingly active patent application activities in recent years, a gap in overall technological capability is observed compared to the first-mover countries when priority countries, which indicate the source of technological innovation, are examined. Based on these findings, countermeasures and suggestions are proposed, including exploring differentiated technological breakthrough paths and building independent patent protection barriers for autonomous innovation routes.

The ranging accuracy of pulsed laser rangefinders is highly dependent on the measurement accuracy of laser flight time. Breakthroughs in related patent technologies in high-precision compensation and intelligent anti-interference fields such as high-end manufacturing, autonomous driving and UAVs, aerospace and national defense, and smart cities and infrastructure are of great significance. Based on the results of retrieving error generation mechanisms from patent databases, this paper analyzes the changes in patent application volume, evolution paths, distribution, and core technologies. It finds that patent applications mainly focus on four types of error generation mechanisms: time measurement errors, environmental interference errors, system noise errors, and motion errors. The future development will tend to three major directions: chip-level integration, AI-quantum technology fusion, and multi-physics field collaborative optimization. Silicon photonics technology, quantum sensing, and edge computing will drive ranging accuracy towards the submillimeter level. With the in-depth application in fields such as autonomous driving and aerospace exploration, laser ranging technology will become a key pillar of intelligent perception systems.

Artificial Intelligence for Science (AI4S) is reshaping global scientific research paradigms. Analyzing the United States’ policy framework and implementation pathways holds significant intelligence value for China, which is currently in a critical window of opportunity for AI4S. To deeply dissect the underlying mechanisms of AI4S, this paper selects relevant U.S. policy texts and employs the WSR methodology to construct a collaborative analysis framework. Conceptual Dimension: Utilizes concept maps to depict the overarching operational logic of U.S. AI4S policies. Physical Dimension: Focuses on three core AI technological elements—algorithms, computing power, and data—and analyzes U.S.AI4S technology governance pathways through thematic clustering. On the human dimension, content analysis extracts policy provisions into categories to distill regulatory measures for key actors. Findings reveal that U.S.AI4S policies coordinate technological breakthroughs with risk prevention through dynamic equilibrium mechanisms, forming a strategic framework centered on “innovation-first, security-backed” principles, layered technical governance strategies, and chain-based talent management pathways. Finally, drawing from U.S. practices and China’s existing policies, this paper proposes optimization recommendations for AI4S development across governance frameworks, open collaboration, and strategic deployment.

As a disruptive technological innovation, the development and application of artificial intelligence (AI) has transcended the purely technical domain and become a critical factor in global political and economic competition. To adapt to the systemic transformations brought about by global AI development, the Japanese government has formulated a systematic national-level AI strategy. Drawing on the Technology-Organization-Environment (TOE) framework, this study examines the multidimensional components of Japan’s AI strategy. The findings reveal that, in the technological dimension, the promotion of AI infrastructure construction and application development in both hardware and software constitutes its foundational content; in the organizational dimension, the continuous adjustment of domestic decision-making mechanisms and the resource complementarity achieved through international collaboration form its extension content; in the environmental dimension, agile governance of technological ethics and the effective improvement of societal perceptions represent its perfection content. Based on an analysis of Japan’s mature practices and limitations, and in light of China’s Opinions of the State Council on Deepening the Implementation of the “AI+” Initiative issued in 2025, this study suggests that China’s AI strategy and its implementation path can be optimized through synchronous advances in hardware and software, strengthened coordination mechanisms, and enhanced governance effectiveness.

Data infrastructure serves as the strategic and core foundation for the development of the digital economy, providing crucial guarantees for the efficient aggregation, circulation, application, and value transformation of data resources. This article systematically reviews the conceptual connotations and development history of data infrastructure, and conducts a comparative analysis of the strategic layouts and policy evolution of major economies such as the United States, the European Union, and China. The study finds that developed countries typically exhibit a “bottom-up” market-driven approach, promoting cross-regional and cross-sectoral data interconnectivity through unified regulations and collaborative construction. In contrast, China adopts a “top-down” strategy, advancing the construction and implementation of data infrastructure systems through top-level design and policy guidance. Based on the systematic review of historical development, this paper provides an in-depth analysis of the challenges facing China’s development and further proposes corresponding suggestions:1) solidify the foundation of data circulation and improve metadata infrastructure construction; 2) enhance the capacity of high-quality data supply and reinforce the service capabilities of public data infrastructure; 3) promote the construction of trustworthy data-circulation infrastructure and establish a multi-stakeholder, collaborative co-creation mechanism; 4)strengthening comprehensive supporting measures and coordinated management, and improve the comprehensive support system for data infrastructure construction.

As China’s data factor market develops rapidly, standardizing data trading has become a central issue in building the national data market. To meet this need, governance arrangements aligned with China’s realities and stage of development are required. This paper regards the entire lifecycle of data transactions as the governance object, dividing it into three stages based on transaction practices: early stage (acquisition and access), mid-stage (processing and delivery), and late stage (usage and exit). Correspondingly, a three-stage proof structure of “entry certification-process certification-outcome certification” is proposed. At the same time, the “technology-institution co-evolution theory” is used to construct a two-level nested governance practice path. At the macro level, meta-rules integrate governance policies, supported by minimum mandatory national standards and continuous calibration through indicator-based supervision. At the micro level, governance measures are specified for the transaction lifecycle: the early stage generates verifiable entry documentation, the middle stage accumulates auditable evidence of performance, and the later stage completes a closed loop of purpose control and exit verification. This paper aims to provide an executable, verifiable, and accountable characteristic governance scheme for China’s data transaction market.

The education, science and technology, and talents are the basic and strategic support for Chinese path to modernization, as the frontier of national scientific research and innovation, Chinese universities have become the focus of the US containment strategy against China in the context of Sino-US strategic game. In recent years, the United States has imposed suppression on Chinese universities frequently, showing significant characteristics such as a “Wide” scope, “Precise” targets, “Multiple” means of suppression, and a “Strong” political inclination towards suppression. The underlying reason lies in the United States’ hegemonic stance, which aims to prevent the outflow of core technologies to curb China’s technological development, combat China’s civil-military integration to maintain US military hegemony, intensify ideological competition to weaken China’s international influence, and thus maintain its advantageous position. The suppression imposed by the United States on Chinese universities have brought a series of negative impacts, including restricting scientific research and innovation activities of Chinese universities, exacerbating tensions between China and the United States, and impacting China’s talent cultivation system for scientific and technological innovation. China should start from the overall development strategy of the CPC and the state, implement the strategic task of building China into a leading country in education, strengthen the construction of Chinese characteristic disciplines, academic and discourse systems, improve the diversified higher education talent training system, promote the construction of a more open higher education system, and promote higher education to better serve the national strategic needs continuously.